Research Progress in Application of Nanomaterials in Fish Vaccine

Vaccines, mainly based on inactivated bacteria, are gradually replacing the antibiotics in fish disease treatment. However, the side-effects of vaccine injections can't be ignored even though they are widely used and effectively in treating different aquatic diseases. In contrast, oral vaccines and immersion vaccines might be the best ways while these processes usually require repeated vaccinations due to the lower intake efficiency of antigens in fish. Nanoparticle, a vaccine delivery system, has been considered as a powerful tool to improve and solve these problems. As a dispersion or solid particle with low toxicity, good biodegradability, specific physical properties(size, surface charge, or loading capacity)as well as easily-controlled characteristic in delivery, nanoparticle could improve the targeting of immune system and the stimulation of vaccinations. The application of these nano-delivery systems in fish is still in the early stage of development. Here we reviewed the application progress of nanoparticles in fish vaccine research, including polylactic acid-glycolic acid nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, liposomes nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. The hot spots and problems in future fish vaccine study were proposed, providing a new idea for the development of fish vaccine.