Abstract: At present, Eucalyptus is one of the most important species for wood industry in China. Eucalyptus plantation has been producing great social and economic benefits, however, the ecological and environmental problems caused by Eucalyptus plantation should not be ignored. This paper briefly summarizes the causes of changes in Eucalyptus plantation soil physical properties, nutrients and microbial community as follows: first, water consumption characteristics of Eucalyptus, changes of soil bulk density and porosity, undergrowth vegetation and litters, successive planting, controlled burning and other man-made production and operation activities are important reasons for the changes of soil physical properties within the period of Eucalyptus plantation; second, a large demand for nutrients by Eucalyptus, successive planting, controlled burning, ploughing, weeding, rotation cutting, and creating a good intercropping models of Eucalyptus and other plants, changes of land use types are important factors causing the changes of soil nutrient contents in Eucalyptus forest; third, changes in soil physical and chemical properties due to Eucalyptus plantation, litters decomposition and root exudates release as well as management behaviors such as controlled burning, ploughing, intermediate cutting and fertilization directly or indirectly affect soil microbial community. Finally, some measures to maintain and enhance the service function of soil ecosystem during the Eucalyptus plantation are prospected with a view to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the sustainable development of Eucalyptus industry in China.