Abstract: In order to explore the physical, chemical and enzyme differences of soil with different maturation degrees, new cultivated (last five years) and ordinary dry land were studied in the lateritic red soil region of southern China, and asymmetric T-test and principal component analysis were used. The results showed that the pH value of new cultivated dry land was significantly lower than ordinary by 0.61 units (P=0.02); New cultivated dry land significantly decreased by 31.05%, 44.13%, 55.97%, 49.68% and 74.94% in soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrogen and available phosphorus contents compared to ordinary dry land; New cultivated dry land had significantly lower soil Catalase and Urease activity than ordinary, while their invertase and phosphatase were not significantly different. Principal component analysis showed that comprehensive difference of the physical, chemical and enzyme index was significant between the ordinary and new cultivated dry land. Correlation analysis showed that soil enzyme activity and fertility indicators were closely related.