Abstract: Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Patchouli), a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Pogostemon genus within the Lamiaceae family, stands as one of Chinese pivotal aromatic medicinal herbs. The dried aerial parts of this plant are utilized for their medicinal properties, which include dispelling dampness, regulating the middle energizer to alleviate nausea, and relieving summer heat. Its essential oil serves as a crucial raw material for various traditional Chinese patent medicines, such as Huoxiang Zhengqi Liquid and antiviral oral solutions, and finds extensive applications in the modern fragrance, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, thereby holding substantial economic value and promising industrial prospects. Nevertheless, P. cablin is characterized by a lengthy growth cycle, sensitivity to environmental conditions, and a propensity for disease outbreaks during cultivation, all of which significantly compromise its yield and quality. These factors have emerged as primary obstacles to the high-quality development of the P. cablin cultivation sector. This study systematically reviews pertinent research literature from both domestic and international sources, summarizing prevalent diseases in P. cablin production, including bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, root rot, leaf spot, and mosaic disease, along with their field symptoms and epidemic patterns. It elucidates the biological traits, infection routes, and pathogenic mechanisms of key pathogens, such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Enterobacter spp., Fusarium spp., and Corynespora cassiicola. Regarding pathogen detection, advancements in traditional morphological identification, PCR-based molecular amplification, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and nucleic acid isothermal amplification techniques (RPA/LAMP)-CRISPR are reviewed. In terms of disease management, comprehensive prevention and control strategies, encompassing agricultural, biological and chemical methods, are systematically analyzed. The disease-preventive potential of biological resources, including endophytic bacteria and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as well as the mitigating effects of biochar combined with organic fertilizers on continuous cropping obstacles, are emphasized. It is advocated that diverse prevention and control measures be organically integrated to establish a comprehensive field prevention and control system centered on biological control, coupled with the establishment of an efficient rapid pathogen detection platform to facilitate early disease warning and precise control. This endeavor aims to furnish vital references for the scientific prevention and control, stable and high yield, and standardized production of P. cablin.