Abstract: Rhododendron, a genus within the family Ericaceae, encompasses over 1 000 species globally and represents a significant genetic resource with considerable value in ornamental horticulture, medicinal applications, and ecological restoration. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics have substantially accelerated genomic research in Rhododendron. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in Rhododendron genomics, comparing genomic characteristics (such as genome size, heterozygosity, and repetitive sequence content) across different species, with a focus on advances in gene function research. These genomic insights offer theoretical support for genetic improvement and resource utilization of Rhododendron, and promote its application in fields such as ornamental horticulture, medicinal development and ecological construction. However, current studies face limitations, including uneven sequencing coverage and insufficient functional validation of candidate genes. Future research should focus on translating genomic discoveries into practical applications, such as molecular marker-assisted breeding and the establishment of germplasm genetic databases, to promote both conservation and sustainable use of Rhododendron resources.