Abstract: Fatty acids are important structural components of dietary fat, which can be divided into saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Among them, UFAs have significant effects in preventing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, promoting nervous system development, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation and regulating intestinal flora. The molecular mechanism involves regulating the secretion of disease related signal factors, activating immune signals, regulating the species and abundance of intestinal flora, maintaining cell structure and function, etc. Special diet food is specially added to meet special dietary needs under special physiological conditions or diseases, disorders and other conditions. At present, there are full nutrition formula food, fat component formula food, protein component formula food, amino acid formula food, carbohydrate component formula food and electrolyte formula food, among which the high unsaturated fatty acid special diet food prepared with UFAs as components can provide nutritional support for special populations such as infants, adolescents, pregnant women, the elderly and diabetes patients. This article reviews the structure and physiological functions of UFAs, the evaluation and screening of high unsaturated fatty acid raw materials, and the processing technology of high unsaturated fatty acid special dietary foods. It focuses on the preparation process, stabilization, and antioxidant technology of different formulations of high unsaturated fatty acid special dietary foods, and looks forward to future research trends, in order to provide reference for the development of new products of high unsaturated fatty acid special dietary foods.