Abstract: The discovery of male sterile lines in rice laid a foundation for the successful use of heterosis in rice, greatly improved the yield per unit area of rice, and provided a strong guarantee for solving the problems of food security. As a male reproductive organ, anther development is closely related to pollen fertility. Clarifying the mechanism of anther development is of great theoretical and practical significance for rice production. In the antioxidant system, the production and clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. In order to further explore ROS homeostasis in the development of rice anthers, this review summarizes the research progress of 21 ROS homeostasis regulation genes related to rice anther development. Among these isolated genes, three ROS-clearance genes (OsRboh1, OsRboh3 and OsHXK1) and six ROS-clearance genes (OsCATB/2, cCu/Zn-SOD1, OsALDH2b, OsCOX11, OsMT-1-4b and OsMT2b), which mainly encode enzymes, can directly regulate the content of ROS. Three genes (OsMADS3, bHLH142 and OsAGO2), encoding transcription factors, can affect anther development by directly regulating the expression of ROS homeostasis genes. It also includes 9 genes (OsSAPK2, OsRACK1B, DTC1, EDT1, OsHSP60-3B, OsBP1, ADT1, OsTMS19, and DPS1) that encode other proteins, which mainly regulate ROS levels and pollen formation through protein-protein interactions. Finally, the in-depth study of ROS homeostasis genes in rice anthers is prospected, with an aim to provide new ideas and references for revealing the molecular mechanism of rice anther development.