条耕种植对薄层黑土农田土壤物理性质与玉米产量的影响

曹庆军; 王利斌; 王文强; 杨浩; 殷志国; 杨粉团; 孔凡丽; 李辛琲; 刘臣; 李刚

doi:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2023.10.003

条耕种植对薄层黑土农田土壤物理性质与玉米产量的影响

Effects of Strip Tillage on Soil Physical Properties and Maize Yield in Thin-layer Black Soil

摘要

摘要:
目的探究不同种植年限与种植方式对松辽平原南部薄层黑土农田土壤改良与产量的影响。
方法采用田间定位试验，分析条耕(ST)、免耕(NT)与常规垄作(CT)3种种植方式下土壤物理性质与产量性状的变化。
结果种植2年地块，ST、NT与CT处理的耕层厚度与田间持水量无显著差异，而种植4年地块ST处理耕层厚度和田间持水量分别较CT增加15.46% 和30.28%，与NT无差异。0~20 cm耕层土壤，ST处理下种植2、4年地块土壤穿透阻力分别较CT增加57.57%、42.86%，较NT处理分别降低5.2%、19.22%，3种耕作方式处理下种植2年和4年地块土壤容重与土壤孔隙度均无显著差异。20~40 cm亚耕层土壤，仅种植4年地块的ST处理土壤容重较CT降低11.56%，与NT无差异，而ST处理下种植2、4年地块的土壤穿透阻力分别较CT降低5.22%、19.62%，土壤孔隙度相应分别提高11.80%、15.92%。产量上，种植2年地块ST处理较CT、NT分别增产3.62%、3.52%，而种植4年地块，ST处理较CT、NT分别提高16.08%、9.29%。产量构成因素分析结果表明，单位面积有效穗数增加是条耕种植玉米实现增产的主要原因，随机森林模型结果进一步表明，耕层厚度与耕层穿透阻力分别是种植2年和4年条件下影响玉米产量最主要的因子。
结论松辽平原南部薄层黑土农田种植玉米，采用条耕种植方式有利于薄层黑土农田良好耕层结构构建与产量水平提升。

Abstract:
Objective The research was performed to investigate the effects of planting year (Y) and tillage mode (T) on soil improvement and maize yield in thin-layer black soil in the southern part of the Songliao Plain.
Method Three tillage modes namely strip-tillage (ST), conventional ridge planting (CT) and no-tillage (NT) were conducted to analyze the changes in soil physical properties and yield traits through field location experiment.
Result The results showed no significant differences were found in the thickness of soil layers (TSL) and soil water holding capacity (SWHC) of the tillage layer under treatments of ST, NT and CT in 2-year cultivation field, while the results were opposite in 4-year cultivation field, with TSL and SWHC increasing by 15.46% and 30.28% under ST compared with that of CT, whereas no difference was observed between ST and NT. For 0-20 cm depth soil, the soil penetration resistance (PR) under ST treatment increased by 57.57% and 42.86% in the 2-year and 4-year cultivation fields, compared with that under CT treatment, while decreased by 5.22% and 19.22% compared with that under NT treatment. And no significant differences were observed in soil bulk density (BD) and soil porosity (SP) between the 2-year and 4-year cultivation fields under the three treatments. For the 20-40 cm depth soil, only BD under ST treatment in 4-year cultivation field was 11.56% lower than that of CT, whereas no difference was found between ST and NT. The PR under ST in 2-year and 4-year cultivation fields were 5.22% and 19.22% lower than that of CT, respectively, while SP increased by 11.8% and 15.92%, correspondingly. Compared with treatments of CT and NT, maize yield under ST in 2-year cultivation field increased by 3.62% and 3.52%, respectively, and that in 4-year cultivation field increased by 16.08% and 9.29%, respectively. From the results of yield components, the increase in effective ear number per unit area was the main factor for the increase of maize yield under ST treatment. The analysis of the random forest model further demonstrated that the TSL and PR in plough layer were the most important factors affecting maize yield with 2-year and 4-year cultivation.
Conclusion In conclusion, ST is beneficial for the formation of better plough layer and enhancement of maize yield in thin-layer black soil farmland.

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