Abstract: 【Objective】To explore the relationship between farmland management scale and food production cost efficiency. 【Method】Based on the micro-farm household data surveyed by Jiangsu Provincial Price Bureau from 2012 to 2016, this paper use the stochastic frontier cost function to measure the cost efficiency of rice production, then explored the relationship between farmland management scale and cost efficiency. On this basis, explore the way to improve cost efficiency. 【Result】The average cost efficiency of rice production in Jiangsu Province is 0.904, and with agricultural land scale increase, the rice cost efficiency shows an “inverted U-shaped” trend. The highest cost efficiency of rice production is at 3.64hm2, when the agricultural land scale reaches the most advantageous scale, the agricultural land scale will continue to increase and the rice cost efficiency will decline rapidly.The scale of agricultural land management, characteristics of agricultural decision makers, input of production factors, and proportion of agricultural employment selected in this paper have significant effects on rice production cost efficiency. 【Conclusion】There is no simple linear relationship between the farmland management scale and cost efficiency, but the “inverted U-shaped” relationship of increasing and then decreasing. Finally, from the aspects of farmland infrastructure construction, mechanized production and specialized production to put forward relevant suggestions to improve the cost efficiency of rice production.